The interest rate effect
a. is the change in real GDP caused by the Federal Reserve adjusting target interest rates.
b. is the change in consumer and investment spending due to changes in interest rates resulting from changes in the inflation rate.
c. is the change in investment spending and government purchases caused by changes in money demand.
d. is the change in exports and imports resulting from changes in the interest rate caused by changes in the inflation rate.
e. is the change in interest rates caused by changes to government purchases.